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The Peace of Christ: An Advent Message

  The second week of Advent focusses on peace.   I suppose that the first week’s focus on hope hits us first in a more personal way.   I say, ‘I hope’.   But when we speak of peace, we often have grander notions in mind, like peace in the Middle East or in Ukraine.   In today’s lesson, we will start with the idea of peace on earth but end up with a focus on the peace of the Church, in our families, and in our own lives. Governments We have heard the phrase, ‘Peace through strength’.   It is perhaps most associated with policies of governments during the Cold War, but ‘peace through strength’ was the heart of imperial Rome, the pax Romana .   The first emperor, Augustus Caesar, boasted that he had brought piracy under control and fought numerous wars to establish peace in the empire. Yet we have learned to fear governmental power.   An article just yesterday, entitled ‘Slipping through our fingers: How democracy is being eroded’, mentions mul...
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Translating Theological Liberalism into African Evangelicalism

  Theological Liberalism in the West was substantially an Enlightenment project.   It sought to broaden or generalise theological understanding by making it universal through the reason and religious experience in common with all human beings.   It was, therefore, construed as relevant across social groupings and at the intensely personal level.   Just how, then, could theological liberalism at all be a feature of African theology, with its concerns for relevance to African experiences and contexts?   Even more, what does it have to do with African Evangelicalism? Western theological liberalism found Christian theology too confining.   Theologians did not want their theological reflection to be confined by Scripture.   They found theology to be too confining in an environment that championed reason.   They reduced the Son of God to a good moral teacher.   They understood the essence of Christianity to be the threefold creed not of Trinitari...

Tradition Enquiry for Theological Studies, Part Eight: The Church on the Public Square--Challenges for Public Theology

  The concern of Public Theology is that theology remain in and be for the public rather than be isolationist and distinctively ecclesial.  It is concerned that theology focus on the public character of truth, not the esoteric nature of Biblical revelation.  It requires of theologians that they be more ‘statesmen-philosophers’ than Christian teachers. [1]   The opposite of Public Theology would be H. Richard Niebuhr’s first of five possible relationships of ‘Christ’ (i.e., the Church) and culture:  Christ Against Culture . [2] The relevance of this essay lies in the appeal of Public Theology in both the West and the Majority World.  In the West, Liberal Theology sought to universalise Christianity such that its message was not unique and esoteric.  The fundamentals of Liberal Theology were the fatherhood of God, the brotherhood of mankind, and the infinite worth of the human soul.  Note the omission in this of any reference to Chr...

Polybius on the Cycle of Government

  Following his predecessors, Polybius (born c. 200 BC) saw government as cyclical.   Monarchy devolves into tyranny, aristocracy into oligarchy, and democracy into mob rule, with its violence and contempt for the law.   Several observations are interesting in light of the monumental changes in governance in the West, with developments over the past decade in the United States of America in particular. Regarding the sustainability of democracy, Polybius says: Similarly, it is not enough to constitute a democracy that the whole crowd of citizens should have the right to do whatever they wish or propose. But where reverence to the gods, succour of parents, respect to elders, obedience to laws, are traditional and habitual, in such communities, if the will of the majority prevail, we may speak of the form of government as a democracy ( Histories 6.4). Social change in the USA includes a turning away from belief in God and the waywardness of the mainline denominations fro...

Four Ways to Love an Enemy

  Four ways to love an enemy are expressed in the New Testament.  First, however, let us note what Aristotle says about love.  Aristotle defines love as follows: Let loving, then, be defined as wishing for anyone the things which we believe to be good, for his sake but not for our own, and procuring them for him as far as lies in our power ( Rhetoric 2.4.2). [1] Such a definition rings true with statements in the New Testament.   The Golden Rule of Jesus is, ‘So whatever you wish that others would do to you, do also to them, for this is the Law and the Prophets’ (Matthew 7.12).   Here, ‘love’ is not mentioned, but what else does Jesus say fulfils the Law and the Prophets?   In Matthew 22.36-40, Jesus answers the lawyer’s question, ‘Which is the greatest commandment of the Law?’   Jesus offers two related commandments on love, love of God (Deuteronomy 6.5) and love of neighbour (Leviticus 19.18).   He then says, ‘On these two commandments depe...