How do we know what is the better choice between two morally right proposals? Ethics is not just about what is or is not morally right. It is also about how to choose between two right actions. I will here compare Marcus Tullius Cicero’s (106-43 BC) answer to this question to what Paul says in his letter to the Romans, focussing specifically on one of his points: having the right social instincts about God and fellow humans. In discussing how to choose between two moral actions, Cicero says that we must weigh matters according to four sources ( De Officiis 1.152): prudence social instincts courage temperance Note that these correspond to the four Greek cardinal virtues of wisdom, justice, courage, and temperance. Cicero is offering a Roman correction to these by emphasising what is practical. He defines prudence as ‘practical knowledge of things to be sought for and of things to be avoided’ (1.153). He corrects the idea ...
Introduction The evil people do against others is often mentioned in Scripture, yet one particular type of evil seems to sit in the shadows: betrayal. Betrayal is, however, a theme that emerges in transformative ways with historical significance, coming to a climax in Judas’ betrayal of Jesus. Old Testament narratives and psalms of betrayal prepare the way for this climactic betrayal of our Saviour. Moreover, they also minister to us in the very real and painful experiences of betrayal. Betrayal by Persons in Authority Betrayal can be deeply felt when a trusted person or a person in authority, not necessarily a friend or equal, uses his position to bring one harm. This might be a board member or director of an organisation, or the minister of a church. By such a person’s action or inaction, someone is betrayed. A minister simply takes sides instead of investigating some parishioner’s claims against another or passes judgement on someon...