[The studies on this blog under the title 'Why Foreign Missions?' explore the meaning of the 'Gospel' in the New Testament (and therefore for Christians). The present study explores how the Gospel writers, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, quoted and alluded to the Old Testament in their renderings of Jesus suffering, death, resurrection, and exaltation--the story of the Gospel, the Good News of what Jesus has accomplished for us. This Gospel was a fulfillment of the Old Testament.]
Introduction:
The Gospel proclaimed by the early Church involved telling
the good news of Jesus Christ, especially the passion (suffering and death), resurrection, and
exaltation of Jesus. This news, the
early Church maintained, was a fulfilment of the Scriptures. As Paul says,
For I handed
on to you as of first importance what I in turn had received: that Christ died
for our sins in accordance with the scriptures,
4 and that he was buried, and that he was raised on the third
day in accordance with the scriptures… (1 Cor. 15.3-4).
Similarly, Luke records Jesus explaining to the despondent
disciples on the road to Emmaus that the Messiah had to suffer (Lk. 24.25-27):
25 Then he said to them, "Oh, how foolish you are, and
how slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have declared! 26 Was it not necessary that the
Messiah should suffer these things and then enter into his glory?" 27 Then beginning with Moses and
all the prophets, he interpreted to them the things about himself in all the
scriptures.
Thus, central to the Gospel message itself is both the story
of Jesus’ suffering, death, resurrection, and exaltation[1]
of Jesus and the conviction that
these events took place according to the
Scripture.[2] All four Gospel writers are convinced of
this, as is Paul. What follows is the
evidence from the Gospels of the conviction that Jesus’ suffering, death,
resurrection, and exaltation took place in accordance with Scripture. In fact,
a video of the actual passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus would, to a
significant degree, fail to communicate the theological message of these
events. By giving us the lenses of Old
Testament texts to ‘see’ these events, the Gospel writers show us how to
interpret them correctly. This study is
the basis for further research in Biblical theology on the issue of the
Scriptural (Old Testament) basis for the events of the Gospel in other New
Testament writers, particularly Paul (since he has written so much and since he
is likely our earliest source for much of the early Church’s theology).
Collecting quotes and allusions to the Old Testament in the
passion narratives of our four, canonical Gospels is a somewhat challenging
task both because some allusions are uncertain and because there are many
intentional references.[3] The evidence presented here is intended to be
a starting point for further study, and the reader needs to explore first
whether a quote or allusion to the Old Testament is indeed in view and what
further might be said about such a reference. How might one use this material
to develop a Biblical theology of the passion, resurrection and exaltation of
Jesus? For example, one might explore
whether the allusion is only to those words or the verse, or whether a
reference to the larger context of an Old Testament passage is in view. One might also ask what quotes from and allusions to so many
lament psalms means for understanding the Gospel of Jesus or what quotes from
Is. 40ff mean for the early Church’s theology in general. Is it significant to find references in the
Pentateuch, the Prophets, and the Writings—the three collections of literature
in the Old Testament--informing our understanding of the Gospel events? Apart from
specific texts, Old Testament narratives such as the Exodus and return from
Exile are significant for understanding Jesus’ passion and
resurrection. A shorter narrative
parallel of interest is David’s flight from Absalom and Jesus’ agony on the Mt.
of Olives (presented separately, below). Thus,
the study of the use of the Old Testament in telling the Gospel needs to
examine both texts and narratives of the Old Testament.
Also, in the chart below, some attention might be paid to Synoptic relationships while working towards
describing the distinct theologies of Mark, Matthew, and Luke. Where is Mark responsible for the Old
Testament references, and where are Matthew and/or Luke following him or
developing their own references? Further, note that one
must include the book of Acts when discussing Luke's theology. Finally, the question of the relationship
between John and the Synoptics needs consideration here: where does John agree
with the Synoptics in a textual or narrative reference to the Old Testament in
his passion and resurrection narrative?
Quotes or Allusions to the Old Testament in the
Gospels’ Passion, Resurrection, and
Exaltation Narratives
Old Testament
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Matthew
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Mark
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Luke
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John
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Nations Against God’s Anointed
Psalm 2:1-2 1Why do the nations conspire, and the
peoples plot in vain? 2 The
kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together,
against the LORD and his anointed, saying,
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Acts 4:25-28 25 it is you who said by the
Holy Spirit through our ancestor David, your servant: 'Why did the Gentiles
rage, and the peoples imagine vain things?
26 The kings of the earth took their stand, and the rulers
have gathered together against the Lord and against his Messiah.' 27 For in this city, in fact,
both Herod and Pontius Pilate, with the Gentiles and the peoples of Israel,
gathered together against your holy servant Jesus, whom you anointed, 28 to do whatever your hand and
your plan had predestined to take place.
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Resurrection
Psalm 2:7 I will
tell of the decree of the LORD: He said to me, "You are my son; today I
have begotten you.
Isaiah 55:3 Incline your ear, and come to me; listen,
so that you may live. I will make with you an everlasting covenant, my
steadfast, sure love for David. [Acts 13.34 takes this as a promise to an
individual, who must therefore live forever.]
Psalm 16:10 For you do not give me up to Sheol, or let your faithful
one see the Pit.
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Acts 13:33-35 33 he has fulfilled for us,
their children, by raising Jesus; as also it is written in the second psalm, 'You are my Son; today I have begotten
you.' 34 As to his raising him from
the dead, no more to return to corruption, he has spoken in this way, 'I will give you the holy promises made to
David.' 35 Therefore he has also said in
another psalm, 'You will not
let your Holy One experience corruption.'
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Agony
Psalm
6:3-4 3
My soul also is struck with terror, while you, O LORD-- how long? 4 Turn, O LORD, save my life;
deliver me for the sake of your steadfast love.
Psalm
31:10 For my life is
spent with sorrow, and my years with sighing; my strength fails because of my
misery, and my bones waste away.
Psalm
42:5-6 5 Why are you cast down, O my
soul, and why are you disquieted within me? Hope in God; for I shall again
praise him, my help 6 and
my God. My soul is cast down within me; therefore I remember you from the
land of Jordan and of Hermon, from Mount Mizar.
Compare Sirach
51:1-12
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John 12:27 "Now my soul is troubled. And what should I say--
'Father, save me from this hour'? No, it is for this reason that I have come
to this hour.
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The
Cup
Psalm 16:5, 7, 10 5 The LORD is my chosen portion
and my cup; you hold my lot….7 I bless the LORD who gives me
counsel; in the night also my heart instructs me. … 10 For you do
not give me up to Sheol, or let your faithful one see the Pit.
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Matthew 26:39 And going a little farther, he threw himself
on the ground and prayed, "My Father, if it is possible, let this cup
pass from me; yet not what I want but what you want."
Cf. Mt.
16.18; Acts 2.27, 31; 13.35 (above)
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Mark
14:36 He said,
"Abba, Father, for you all things are possible; remove this cup from me;
yet, not what I want, but what you want."
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Luke
22:42 "Father, if you are willing, remove this cup from
me; yet, not my will but yours be done."
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Resurrection
Psalm 16:8-11 8 I keep the LORD always before
me; because he is at my right hand, I shall not be moved. 9 Therefore my heart is glad,
and my soul rejoices; my body also rests secure. 10 For you do not give me
up to Sheol, or let your faithful one [LXX: ton hosion sou] see the
Pit [LXX: diaphthoran, corruption] 11 You show me the path of life.
In your presence there is fullness of joy; in your right hand are pleasures
forevermore.
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Acts 2:24-28 24 But God raised him up, having freed him from death,
because it was impossible for him to be held in its power. 25 For David says
concerning him, 'I saw the Lord always before me, for he is at my right hand
so that I will not be shaken; 26
therefore my heart was glad, and my tongue rejoiced; moreover my flesh will
live in hope. 27 For you
will not abandon my soul to Hades, or let your Holy One experience
corruption. 28 You have
made known to me the ways of life; you will make me full of gladness with
your presence.'
Acts 2:31 31 Foreseeing this, David spoke
of the resurrection of the Messiah, saying, 'He was not abandoned to Hades,
nor did his flesh experience corruption.'
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Rock, Death, Salvation
Psalm 18:2-5 2 The LORD is my rock, my
fortress, and my deliverer, my God, my rock in whom I take refuge, my shield,
and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold.
3 I call upon the LORD, who is worthy to be praised, so I
shall be saved from my enemies. 4
The cords of death encompassed me; the torrents of perdition assailed
me; 5 the cords of Sheol
entangled me; the snares of death confronted me.
Psalm 18:31 31 For who is God except the
LORD? And who is a rock besides our God?—
Psalm 18:46 46 The LORD lives! Blessed be my
rock, and exalted be the God of my salvation,
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Matthew 16:18 18 And I tell you, you are
Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will
not prevail against it.
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Distress, Temple
Psalm 18:6 6 In my distress I called upon
the LORD; to my God I cried for help. From his temple he heard my voice, and
my cry to him reached his ears.
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Matthew 27:50-51 50 Then Jesus cried again with a
loud voice and breathed his last. 51
At that moment the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom.
The earth shook, and the rocks were split.
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Mark 15.37-38
37 Then Jesus gave a loud cry and
breathed his last. 38 And
the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom.
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Luke 23:45 45 while the sun's light
failed; and the curtain of the temple was torn in two.
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Earthquake
Ps. 18.7-16: theophany
Psalm 18:7 Then the earth reeled and rocked; the foundations
also of the mountains trembled and quaked, because he was angry.
Ezekiel
37:12-13
Therefore prophesy, and say to them, Thus says the Lord GOD: I am
going to open your graves, and bring you up from your graves, O my people;
and I will bring you back to the land of Israel. 13 And you shall know that I am
the LORD, when I open your graves, and bring you up from your graves, O my
people.
Joel
2:10 The earth quakes before them, the heavens tremble. The
sun and the moon are darkened, and the stars withdraw their shining.
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Matthew 27:51 The earth shook, and the rocks were split.
Matthew 27:54 54 Now when the centurion and
those with him, who were keeping watch over Jesus, saw the earthquake and
what took place, they were terrified and said, "Truly this man was God's
Son!"
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Darkness
Psalm 18:11 He made darkness his covering around him,
his canopy thick clouds dark with water.
Amos 8:9-10 On that day, says
the Lord GOD, I will make the sun go down at noon, and darken the earth in
broad daylight. 10 I will
turn your feasts into mourning, and all your songs into lamentation; I will
bring sackcloth on all loins, and baldness on every head; I will make it like
the mourning for an only son, and the end of it like a bitter day.
Joel 2:2 [The day of the LORD…] a day of darkness and
gloom, a day of clouds and thick darkness!
Joel 2:10 The earth quakes before them, the
heavens tremble. The sun and the moon are darkened, and the stars withdraw
their shining.
Joel 2:31 The sun shall be turned to darkness,
and the moon to blood, before the great and terrible day of the LORD comes.
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Matthew 27.45 Now from the sixth hour
darkness fell upon all the land until the ninth hour
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Mark 15.33 When the sixth hour came, darkness fell over the whole
land until the ninth hour.
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Luke 23.44 It was now about the sixth hour, and darkness
fell over the whole land until the ninth hour, 45 because the sun
was obscured; and the veil of the temple was torn in two.
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Forsaken
Psalm 22:1 My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?
Why are you so far from helping me, from the words of my groaning?
R. Bauckham argues, Jesus’ cry of
dereliction from Ps. 22 on the cross represents Jesus’ identity with
Godforsaken Israel (cf. Is. 49.14; cf. 40.27). God’s response is that He cannot forsake
them (Is. 49.15-18; 41.17; 42.16; 54.7) (see Jesus and the God of Israel, p. 260).
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Matthew 27:46 46 And about three o'clock Jesus
cried with a loud voice, "Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani?" that is,
"My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"
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Mark 15:34 34 At three o'clock Jesus cried
out with a loud voice, "Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani?" which means,
"My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"
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Mocking, Taunting
Psalm 22:7a All who see me mock at me;
Ps. 22.7b … they make mouths at me,
they shake their heads;
Psalm 42:10 10 As with a deadly wound in my
body, my adversaries taunt me, while they say to me continually, "Where
is your God?"
Psalm
109:25 25 I am an object
of scorn to my accusers; when they see me, they shake their heads.
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Matthew 27:42-44 42 "He saved others; he
cannot save himself. He is the King of Israel; let him come down from the
cross now, and we will believe in him.
43 He trusts in God; let God deliver him now, if he wants
to; for he said, 'I am God's Son.'"
44 The bandits who were crucified with him also taunted him
in the same way.
Matthew 27:39 39 Those who passed by derided
him, shaking their heads
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Mark 15:29-32 29 Those who passed by derided
him, shaking their heads and saying, "Aha! You who would destroy the
temple and build it in three days, 30
save yourself, and come down from the cross!" 31 In the same way the chief
priests, along with the scribes, were also mocking him among themselves and
saying, "He saved others; he cannot save himself. 32 Let the Messiah, the King of
Israel, come down from the cross now, so that we may see and believe."
Those who were crucified with him also taunted him.
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Luke 23:11 Even Herod with his
soldiers treated him with contempt and mocked him; then he put an elegant robe
on him, and sent him back to Pilate.
Luke 23:35-39 35 And the people stood by,
watching; but the leaders scoffed at him, saying, "He saved others; let
him save himself if he is the Messiah of God, his chosen one!" 36 The soldiers also mocked him,
coming up and offering him sour wine, 37
and saying, "If you are the King of the Jews, save yourself!" 38 There was also an inscription
over him, "This is the King of the Jews." 39 One of the criminals who were
hanged there kept deriding him and saying, "Are you not the Messiah?
Save yourself and us!"
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No
Deliverance
Psalm
22:8 "Commit your cause to the LORD; let him
deliver-- let him rescue the one in whom he delights!"
Psalm 10:11 They think in their heart, "God has
forgotten, he has hidden his face, he will never see it."
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Matthew
27:40 40 and saying,
"You who would destroy the temple and build it in three days, save
yourself! If you are the Son of God, come down from the cross."
Matthew
27:43 43 He trusts in God;
let God deliver him now, if he wants to; for he said, 'I am God's Son.'"
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Mark
15:30 30 save yourself,
and come down from the cross!"
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Thirst
Psalm 22:15 my mouth is dried up like a potsherd, and my
tongue sticks to my jaws; you lay me in the dust of death.
Psalm 69:3 I am weary with my crying; my throat is
parched. My eyes grow dim with waiting for my God.
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John
19:28 28 After this, when
Jesus knew that all was now finished, he said (in order to fulfill the
scripture), "I am thirsty."
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Those Crucified With Jesus
Psalm 22:16 a, b 16
For dogs are all around me; a company of evildoers (poneroumenoi) encircles me….
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Matthew
27:38 8 Then two bandits
were crucified with him, one on his right and one on his left.
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Mark
15:27 27 And with him they
crucified two bandits, one on his right and one on his left.
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Luke 23:33 3
When they came to the place that is called The Skull, they crucified Jesus
there with the criminals (kakourgoi),
one on his right and one on his left.
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| Pierced
NIV Psalm
22:16 Dogs have surrounded me; a band of evil men has encircled me, they have
pierced my hands and my feet. [NRSV: my hands and feet have shriveled. Note: MT has ‘like a lion’ instead of ‘they
have pierced,’ in Qurman and LXX]
[Cf. Isaiah
53:5 But he was wounded for our transgressions, crushed for our iniquities;
upon him was the punishment that made us whole, and by his bruises we are
healed.]
Zechariah
12:10 And I will pour out a spirit of compassion and supplication on the
house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, so that, when they look on
the one whom they have pierced, they shall mourn for him, as one mourns for
an only child, and weep bitterly over him, as one weeps over a firstborn.
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Luke
24:39-40 39 Look at my
hands and my feet; see that it is I myself. Touch me and see; for a ghost
does not have flesh and bones as you see that I have." 40 And when he had said this, he
showed them his hands and his feet.
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John
19:37 37 And again another
passage of scripture says, "They will look on [eivj] the one whom they have
pierced."
John
20:25 25 So the other
disciples told him, "We have seen the Lord." But he said to them,
"Unless I see the mark of the nails in his hands, and put my finger in
the mark of the nails and my hand in his side, I will not believe."
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Dividing Clothes
Psalm 22:18 they divide my clothes among themselves,
and for my clothing they cast lots.
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Matthew 27:35 35 And when they had crucified
him, they divided his clothes among themselves by casting lots;
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Mark 15:24 24 And they crucified him, and
divided his clothes among them, casting lots to decide what each should take.
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Luke 23:34 34 Then Jesus said,
"Father, forgive them; for they do not know what they are doing."
And they cast lots to divide his clothing.
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John 19:23-24 23 When the soldiers had
crucified Jesus, they took his clothes and divided them into four parts, one
for each soldier. They also took his tunic; now the tunic was seamless, woven
in one piece from the top. 24
So they said to one another, "Let us not tear it, but cast lots for it
to see who will get it." This was to fulfill what the scripture says,
"They divided my clothes among themselves, and for my clothing they cast
lots."
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Commending of Righteous
Sufferer’s Spirit
[Relate to
Psalms of the righteous sufferer trusting in God]
Psalm 22:24 For he did not despise or abhor the affliction of the
afflicted; he did not hide his face from me, but heard when I cried to him.
Psalm
10:14 But you do see!
Indeed you note trouble and grief, that you may take it into your hands; the
helpless commit themselves to you; you have been the helper of the orphan.
Psalm 31:5 Into your
hand I commit my spirit; you have redeemed me, O LORD, faithful God.
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Luke 23:45-46 45
while the sun's light failed; and the curtain of the temple was torn in
two. 46 Then Jesus, crying
with a loud voice, said, "Father, into your hands I commend my
spirit." Having said this, he breathed his last.
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Nations Acknowledge LORD as king
Psalm 22:27-28 27 All the ends of the earth
shall remember and turn to the LORD, and all the families of the nations
shall worship before you. 28
For kingship belongs to the LORD, and he rules over the nations.
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Matthew 27:54 When the centurion and those who were with
him, keeping watch over Jesus, saw the earthquake and what took place, they
were filled with awe and said, "Truly this was the Son of God!"
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Mark 15:39 And when the
centurion, who stood facing him, saw that in this way he breathed his last,
he said, "Truly this man was the Son of God!"
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Luke 23:47 Now when the
centurion saw what had taken place, he praised God, saying, "Certainly
this man was innocent!"
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Commending of Righteous’ Sufferer’s Spirit
[Already noted above, Pss. 10, 22]
Psalm 31:5 Into your
hand I commit my spirit; you have redeemed me, O LORD, faithful God.
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Luke 23:46 Then Jesus, crying with
a loud voice, said, "Father, into your hands I commend my spirit."
Having said this, he breathed his last.
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Scheming
Psalm 31:13 For I hear the whispering of many-- terror all
around!—as they scheme together against me, as they plot to take my life.
Psalm
35:11 Malicious witnesses rise up;
they ask me about things I do not know.
Psalm
35:21 They open wide their mouths
against me; they say, "Aha, Aha, our eyes have seen it."
[Psalm
27:12 12 Do not give me up
to the will of my adversaries, for false witnesses have risen against me, and
they are breathing out violence.]
[Psalm
109:2-3 2 For wicked and
deceitful mouths are opened against me, speaking against me with lying
tongues. 3 They beset me
with words of hate, and attack me without cause.]
Psalm 35:19 19 Do not let my treacherous
enemies rejoice over me, or those who hate me without cause wink the eye.
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Matthew
26:3-4 3 Then the chief
priests and the elders of the people gathered in the palace of the high
priest, who was called Caiaphas, 4
and they conspired to arrest Jesus by stealth and kill him.
Matthew
26:59-61 59 Now the chief
priests and the whole council were looking for false testimony against Jesus
so that they might put him to death, 60
but they found none, though many false witnesses came forward. At last two
came forward 61 and said,
"This fellow said, 'I am able to destroy the temple of God and to build
it in three days.'"
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Mark
14:57 57 Some stood up and
gave false testimony against him, saying,
Mark
15:29-30 29 Those who
passed by derided him, shaking their heads and saying, "Aha! You who
would destroy the temple and build it in three days, 30 save yourself, and come down
from the cross!"
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John 15:25 It was to fulfill
the word that is written in their law, 'They hated me without a cause.'
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No Bones Broken
Psalm 34:20 He keeps all their bones; not one of them
will be broken.
Exodus
12:46 46 It [Passover
Lamb] shall be eaten in one house; you shall not take any of the animal
outside the house, and you shall not break any of its bones.
Numbers
9:12 They shall leave none of it until morning, nor break a bone of it;
according to all the statute for the passover they shall keep it.
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John 19:36 These things occurred so that the scripture
might be fulfilled, "None of his bones shall be broken."
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Friends Aloof
Psalm 38:11 My friends and
companions stand aloof from my affliction, and my neighbors stand far off.
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Matthew 27:55-56 55 Many women were also there,
looking on from a distance; they had followed Jesus from Galilee and had
provided for him. 56 Among
them were Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joseph, and the
mother of the sons of Zebedee.
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Mark 15:40-41 40 There were also women
looking on from a distance; among them were Mary Magdalene, and Mary the
mother of James the younger and of Joses, and Salome. 41 These used to follow him and
provided for him when he was in Galilee; and there were many other women who
had come up with him to Jerusalem.
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Luke 23:49 49 But all his acquaintances,
including the women who had followed him from Galilee, stood at a distance,
watching these things.
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Hyssop
Exodus
12:21-22 Then Moses called all the
elders of Israel and said to them, "Go, select lambs for your families,
and slaughter the passover lamb. 22
Take a bunch of hyssop, dip it in the blood that is in the basin,
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John 19:28-29 28 After this, when Jesus knew
that all was now finished, he said (in order to fulfill the scripture),
"I am thirsty." 29 A jar full of sour wine was standing
there. So they put a sponge full of the wine on a branch of hyssop and held
it to his mouth.
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Grief
Psalm
42:5-6 5 Why are you cast down, O my
soul, and why are you disquieted within me? Hope in God; for I shall again
praise him, my help 6 and
my God. My soul is cast
down [peri,lupoj] within me; therefore I remember you from
the land of Jordan and of Hermon, from Mount Mizar…. Psalm 42:11 Why are you cast down [peri,lupoj], O my soul, and why are you disquieted within me? Hope in God; for
I shall again praise him, my help and my God.
Psalm
43:5 Why are you cast
down [peri,lupoj], O my soul, and why are you disquieted within me? Hope in God; for
I shall again praise him, my help and my God.
Psalm 109:22 For I am poor and needy, and my heart is pierced (tarassein) within me.
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Gethsemane: Mt.
26.36-46
Matthew 26:38 Then he
said to them, "I am [literally, ‘my soul is--evstin h` yuch, mou] deeply grieved [peri,lupoj], even to death; remain here, and stay awake
with me."
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Gethsemane: Mk. 14.32-42
Mark
14:34 34
And he said to them, "I am deeply grieved [peri,lupo,j], even to death; remain here, and keep
awake."
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Mt. of Olives: Lk. 22.39-46
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John 12:27 "Now my soul is troubled…. (tarassein)
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Betrayal by a Friend [Judas]
Psalm 41:9 Even my bosom friend in whom I trusted, who
ate of my bread, has lifted the heel against me.
Cf. Ps. 55:12-14 [See more
regarding Acts 1:17, 20, below]
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Matthew 26.18 As they
were reclining at the table and
eating, Jesus said, "Truly I say to you that one of you will betray Me--
one who is eating with Me."
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Mark
14:18 And when they had taken their
places and were eating, Jesus said, "Truly I tell you, one of you will
betray me, one who is eating with me."
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Acts
1:17 for he was
numbered among us and was allotted his share in this ministry."
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John 13:18 I am not
speaking of all of you; I know whom I have chosen. But it is to fulfill the
scripture, 'The one who ate my bread has lifted his heel against me.'
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Drinking God’s wrath
Psalm 60:3 You have
made your people suffer hard things; you have given us wine to drink that
made us reel.
Psalm
75:8 8
For in the hand of the LORD there is a cup with foaming wine, well mixed; he
will pour a draught from it, and all the wicked of the earth shall drain it
down to the dregs.
Isaiah
29:9 9
Stupefy yourselves and be in a stupor, blind yourselves and be blind! Be
drunk, but not from wine; stagger, but not from strong drink!
Isaiah
51:17, 22 17 Rouse yourself, rouse
yourself! Stand up, O Jerusalem, you who have drunk at the hand of the LORD
the cup of his wrath, who have drunk to the dregs the bowl of staggering…. 22 Thus says your Sovereign, the
LORD, your God who pleads the cause of his people: See, I have taken from
your hand the cup of staggering; you shall drink no more from the bowl of my
wrath.
Jeremiah
25:15-18, 28 15 For thus the LORD, the God of
Israel, said to me: Take from my hand this cup of the wine of wrath, and make
all the nations to whom I send you drink it.
16 They shall drink and stagger and go out of their minds
because of the sword that I am sending among them. 17 So I took the cup from the
LORD's hand, and made all the nations to whom the LORD sent me drink it: 18 Jerusalem and the towns of
Judah, its kings and officials, to make them a desolation and a waste, an
object of hissing and of cursing, as they are today;… 28 And if
they refuse to accept the cup from your hand to drink, then you shall say to
them: Thus says the LORD of hosts: You must drink!
Jeremiah
49:12 12
For thus says the LORD: If those who do not deserve to drink the cup still
have to drink it, shall you [Edom] be the one to go unpunished? You shall not
go unpunished; you must drink it.
Ezekiel
23:31-34 31 You have gone the way of your
sister; therefore I will give her cup into your hand. 32 Thus says the Lord GOD: You
shall drink your sister's cup, deep and wide; you shall be scorned and
derided, it holds so much. 33
You shall be filled with drunkenness and sorrow. A cup of horror and
desolation is the cup of your sister Samaria;
34 you shall drink it and drain it out, and gnaw its
sherds, and tear out your breasts; for I have spoken, says the Lord GOD.
Habakkuk
2:16 16
You will be sated with contempt instead of glory. Drink, you yourself, and
stagger! The cup in the LORD's right hand will come around to you, and shame
will come upon your glory!
Zechariah
12:2 2
See, I am about to make Jerusalem a cup of reeling for all the surrounding
peoples; it will be against Judah also in the siege against Jerusalem.
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Matthew
20:22-23 But Jesus answered, "You do not know what
you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I am about to drink?"
They said to him, "We are able."
23 He said to them, "You will indeed drink my cup, but
to sit at my right hand and at my left, this is not mine to grant, but it is
for those for whom it has been prepared by my Father."
Matthew
26:39 39
And going a little farther, he threw himself on the ground and prayed,
"My Father, if it is possible, let this cup pass from me; yet not what I
want but what you want."
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Mark
10:38-40 But Jesus said to them, "You do not
know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I drink, or be
baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with?" 39 They replied, "We are
able." Then Jesus said to them, "The cup that I drink you will
drink; and with the baptism with which I am baptized, you will be
baptized; 40 but to sit at
my right hand or at my left is not mine to grant, but it is for those for
whom it has been prepared."
Mark
14:36 36
He said, "Abba, Father, for you all things are possible; remove this cup
from me; yet, not what I want, but what you want."
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Luke
22:42 "Father,
if you are willing, remove this cup from me; yet, not my will but yours be
done."
|
John
18:11 Jesus said to
Peter, "Put your sword back into its sheath. Am I not to drink the cup
that the Father has given me?"
|
No
Cause, False Accusations
Psalm 69:4 More in number than the hairs of my
head are those who hate me without
cause; many are those who would destroy me, my enemies who accuse me
falsely. What I did not steal must I now restore?
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John 19:1-4 Then Pilate took Jesus and had him flogged. 2 And the soldiers wove a crown of thorns and put it on his
head, and they dressed him in a purple robe.
3 They kept coming up to him, saying, "Hail, King of
the Jews!" and striking him on the
face. 4 Pilate went out
again and said to them, "Look, I am bringing him out to you to let you
know that I find no case against him."
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Abandonment
Psalm 69:8 I have become a stranger to my kindred, an
alien to my mother's children.
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John 19:25-27 Meanwhile, standing near the cross of Jesus
were his mother, and his mother's sister, Mary the wife of Clopas, and Mary
Magdalene. 26 When Jesus
saw his mother and the disciple whom he loved standing beside her, he said to
his mother, "Woman, here is your son." 27 Then he said to the disciple,
"Here is your mother." And from that hour the disciple took her
into his own home.
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Zeal for God’s House, Insults
Psalm 69:9 It is zeal for your house that has consumed
me; the insults of those who insult you have fallen on me.
|
John
2:17 His disciples remembered that it
was written, "Zeal for your house will consume me."
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Vinegar to Drink
Ps. 69:21 They gave me poison for
food, and for my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink.
Proverbs 31:6 6 Give strong drink to one who is perishing, and wine to those in
bitter distress;
Exodus
12:21-22 21 Then Moses
called all the elders of Israel and said to them, "Go, select lambs for
your families, and slaughter the passover lamb. 22 Take a bunch of hyssop, dip it in the blood that is in the basin,
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Matthew 27:34, 48 34 they offered him wine to
drink, mixed with gall; but when he tasted it, he would not drink it….
48 At once one of them ran and got a sponge, filled it with
sour wine, put it on a stick, and gave it to him to drink.
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Mark 15:23 23 And they offered him wine
mixed with myrrh; but he did not take it.
Mark 15:36 36 And someone ran, filled a
sponge with sour wine, put it on a stick, and gave it to him to drink,
saying, "Wait, let us see whether Elijah will come to take him
down."
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Luke 23:36 36 The soldiers also mocked him,
coming up and offering him sour wine,
|
John
19:29 29 A jar full of sour
wine was standing there. So they put a sponge full of the wine on a branch of hyssop and held it to his
mouth.
|
Curse
[vs. Forgiveness]
Psalm
69:27-28 Add guilt to their guilt; may they have no
acquittal from you. 28 Let
them be blotted out of the book of the living; let them not be enrolled among
the righteous.
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Luke 23:34 Then Jesus
said, "Father, forgive them; for they do not know what they are
doing." And they cast lots to divide his clothing.
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God Promises Victory to David’s Lord
Psalm 110:1 The LORD
says to my lord, "Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies your
footstool."
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Matthew 22:44-45 44 'The Lord said to my Lord,
"Sit at my right hand, until I put your enemies under your feet"
'? 45 If David thus calls
him Lord, how can he be his son?"
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Mark 12:36-37a 36 David himself, by the Holy
Spirit, declared, 'The Lord said to my Lord, "Sit at my right hand,
until I put your enemies under your feet."' 37 David himself calls him Lord;
so how can he be his son?"
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Luke 1:32 32 He will be great, and will
be called the Son of the Most High, and the Lord God will give to him the
throne of his ancestor David.
Luke 20:41-44 41 Then he said to them,
"How can they say that the Messiah is David's son? 42 For David himself says in the
book of Psalms, 'The Lord said to my Lord, "Sit at my right hand, 43 until I make your enemies
your footstool."' 44
David thus calls him Lord; so how can he be his son?"
Acts 2:32-35 32 This Jesus God raised up, and
of that all of us are witnesses. 33
Being therefore exalted at the right hand of God, and having received from
the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, he has poured out this that you
both see and hear. 34 For David did not ascend into the heavens,
but he himself says, 'The Lord said to my Lord, "Sit at my right
hand, 35 until I make your
enemies your footstool."'
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|
Rejected Stone
Psalm 118:22-23, 25
22 The stone that the builders rejected has become the chief cornerstone. 23 This is the LORD's doing; it
is marvelous in our eyes….
25 Save us, we beseech you, O LORD!
O LORD, we beseech you, give us success!
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Matthew 21:42 Jesus said to them, "Have
you never read in the scriptures: 'The stone that the builders rejected has
become the cornerstone; this was the Lord's doing, and it is amazing in our
eyes'?
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Mark 12:10-11
10 Have you not read this scripture: 'The stone that the
builders rejected has become the cornerstone;
11 this was the Lord's doing, and it is amazing in our
eyes'?"
Mark 8:31 Then he began to teach them that the Son of Man must
undergo great suffering, and be rejected by the elders, the chief priests, and the scribes, and
be killed, and after three days rise again.
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Luke 20:17 But he looked at them and said, "What then
does this text mean: 'The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone'?
Acts 4:11-12 This Jesus is 'the stone that was rejected by you, the builders; it has become
the cornerstone.' 12 There
is salvation in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given
among mortals by which we must be saved."
Luke 9:22 saying, "The Son of Man must undergo great
suffering, and be rejected by the
elders, chief priests, and scribes, and be killed, and on the third day be
raised."
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|
Sacrifice of the Beloved Son
Genesis 22:2 He said, "Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom
you love, and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt
offering on one of the mountains that I shall show you."
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Matthew 3:17 And a voice from
heaven said, "This is my Son, the Beloved, with whom I am well
pleased."
Matthew 17:5 While he was still speaking, suddenly a bright cloud
overshadowed them, and from the cloud a voice said, "This is my Son, the
Beloved; with him I am well pleased; listen to him!"
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Mark 1:11 And a voice came from heaven, "You are my Son, the
Beloved; with you I am well pleased."
Mark 9:7 Then a cloud overshadowed them, and from the cloud there
came a voice, "This is my Son, the Beloved; listen to him!"
Mark 12:6 He had still one
other, a beloved son. Finally he sent him to them, saying, 'They will respect
my son.'
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Luke 3:22 and the Holy
Spirit descended upon him in bodily form like a dove. And a voice came from heaven,
"You are my Son, the Beloved; with you I am well pleased."
Luke 20:13 Then the owner of the vineyard said, 'What shall I do? I
will send my beloved son; perhaps they will respect him.'
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|
Blessed is the One Who Comes in the Name of the LORD
Psalm 118:25-27
25 Save us, we beseech you, O LORD! O LORD, we beseech you,
give us success! 26 Blessed
is the one who comes in the name of the LORD. We bless you from the house of
the LORD. 27 The LORD is
God, and he has given us light. Bind the festal procession with branches, up
to the horns of the altar.
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Matthew 21:8-9
8 A very large crowd spread their cloaks on the road, and
others cut branches from the trees and spread them on the road. 9 The crowds that went ahead of
him and that followed were shouting, "Hosanna to the Son of David!
Blessed is the one who comes in the name of the Lord! Hosanna in the highest
heaven!"
Matthew 23:39 For I tell you, you will not see
me again until you say, 'Blessed is the one who comes in the name of the
Lord.'"
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Mark 11:8-9 8
Many people spread their cloaks on the road, and others spread leafy branches
that they had cut in the fields. 9
Then those who went ahead and those who followed were shouting,
"Hosanna! Blessed is the one who comes in the name of the Lord!
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Luke 13:34 - 14:1
34 Jerusalem, Jerusalem, the city that kills the prophets
and stones those who are sent to it! How often have I desired to gather your
children together as a hen gathers her brood under her wings, and you were
not willing! 35 See, your
house is left to you. And I tell you, you will not see me until the time
comes when you say, 'Blessed is the one who comes in the name of the
Lord.'"
Luke 19:38 saying, "Blessed is the king who comes in the
name of the Lord! Peace in heaven, and glory in the highest heaven!"
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John 12:13 13
So they took branches of palm trees and went out to meet him, shouting,
"Hosanna! Blessed is the one who comes in the name of the Lord-- the
King of Israel!"
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Peace
(Hallel Song)
Psalm
122 I Was glad
when they said to me, "Let us go to the house of the LORD." 2
Our feet are standing Within your gates, O Jerusalem, 3 Jerusalem,
that is built As a city that is compact together…. 6 Pray for the peace of Jerusalem: "May they prosper who love you. 7
"May peace be within your walls, And
prosperity within your palaces." 8 For the sake of my
brothers and my friends, I will now say, "May peace be within you." 9 For the sake of the
house of the LORD our God I will seek your good.
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Luke 19:37-38, 42 As he was now approaching the path down
from the Mount of Olives, the whole multitude of the disciples began to
praise God joyfully with a loud voice for all the deeds of power that they
had seen, 38 saying,
"Blessed is the king who comes in the name of the Lord! Peace in heaven, and glory in the highest heaven!"…. 42 saying, "If you, even you, had only recognized on
this day the things that make for peace! But now they are hidden from your eyes.
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Destruction
Jeremiah 26
R. Brown, Death of the Messiah, II, p. 1450: Cf. the narrative in Jer. 26: speaking from the Temple (v. 2),
‘the prophet’s warning against the Jerusalem Temple [v. 6, cf. Jer. 7.11
quoted in Mk. 11.17, par.], the assemblage of priests and prophets against
him [v. 8], the participation of ‘all the people’ [v. 6] the warning that
they would bring innocent blood on themselves [v. 15], and the contention
that he ‘deserved’ death’ [vv. 8, 11]
Jeremiah 26:18 "Micah of
Moresheth, who prophesied during the days of King Hezekiah of Judah, said to
all the people of Judah: 'Thus says the LORD of hosts, Zion shall be plowed
as a field; Jerusalem shall become a heap of ruins, and the mountain of the
house a wooded height.'
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Luke
19:43-44 43 Indeed, the days will come
upon you, when your enemies will set up ramparts around you and surround you,
and hem you in on every side. 44
They will crush you to the ground, you and your children within you, and they
will not leave within you one stone upon another; because you did not
recognize the time of your visitation from God."
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Lifted Up
Numbers 21:9 So Moses made a serpent of bronze, and put it upon a
pole; and whenever a serpent bit someone, that person would look at the
serpent of bronze and live.
Wisdom 16:5-7 5 For
when the terrible rage of wild animals came upon your people and they were
being destroyed by the bites of writhing serpents, your wrath did not
continue to the end; 6 they
were troubled for a little while as a warning, and received a symbol of
deliverance to remind them of your law's command. 7 For the one who turned toward
it was saved, not by the thing that was beheld, but by you, the Savior of
all.
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John
3:14-15
14 And
just as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, so must the Son of Man
be lifted up, 15 that
whoever believes in him may have eternal life.
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Cursed on a Cross
Deuteronomy 21:22-23 22 When someone is convicted of
a crime punishable by death and is executed, and you hang him on a tree, 23 his corpse must not remain
all night upon the tree; you shall bury him that same day, for anyone hung on
a tree is under God's curse. You must not defile the land that the LORD your
God is giving you for possession.
|
Galatians
3:10 For all who rely on the works of the law are under a
curse; for it is written, "Cursed is everyone who does not observe and
obey all the things written in the book of the law."
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King Betrayed, Flees up Mt. of Olives
2 Sam. 15:13-37; 17.23 [Narrative Parallels]
‘…after his trusted fiend and advisor Ahithophel (=Judas)
had gone over to his enemy, David crossed the Kidron … and went to the Ascent
of Olives … where he wept and prayed ….
David arranged for his followers not to suffer his fate but to go back
to Jerusalem and wait for a future reunion…, while the unfaithful Ahithophel,
seeing that his plan against David was unsuccessful, went home and hanged
himself’ (R.
Brown, Death of the Messiah, Vol.
II, p. 1148). Also, David says let God
do to me what seems good to him (vv.
25f—cf. ‘not my will’). Ittai swears
not to forsake David (vv. 21; cf. Peter).
David goes up the ascent of the Mt. of Olives, weeping (30).
See my parallels,
separate table (below).
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Gethsemane [on Mt. of Olives];
Jesus prays; Jesus is grieved.
Matthew 26:35 Peter said to him, "Even though I must
die with you, I will not deny you." And so said all the disciples.
Matthew 26:42 ‘… your will be done.’
Matthew 26:46 Get up, let us be
going. See, my betrayer is at hand."
Matthew 27:5b … and he went and hanged himself.
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Mark
14:26 26 When
they had sung the hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives.
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John 18:1 After Jesus had spoken these words, he went out with his
disciples across the Kidron valley to a place where there was a garden, which
he and his disciples entered.
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|
None
Lost
Psalm
34:22 22
The LORD redeems the life of his servants; none of those who take refuge in
him will be condemned.
Jeremiah
31:10 10
Hear the word of the LORD, O nations, and declare it in the coastlands far
away; say, "He who scattered Israel will gather him, and will keep him
as a shepherd a flock."
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John 18:8-9 8 Jesus answered, "I told you that I am he. So if you
are looking for me, let these men go."
9 This was to fulfill the word that he had spoken, "I
did not lose a single one of those whom you gave me."
Cf. John
17:12 While I was
with them, I protected them in your name that you have given me. I guarded
them, and not one of them was lost except the one destined to be lost, so
that the scripture might be fulfilled.
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Elijah
2 Kings 1:3 But the angel of the LORD said to Elijah the Tishbite,
"Get up, go to meet the messengers of the king of Samaria, and say to
them, 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you are going to inquire
of Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron?' …
2 Kings 1:8-10 8
They answered him, "A hairy man, with a leather belt around his
waist." He said, "It is Elijah the Tishbite." 9 Then the king sent to him a
captain of fifty with his fifty men. He went up to Elijah, who was sitting on
the top of a hill, and said to him, "O man of God, the king says, 'Come
down.'" 10 But Elijah
answered the captain of fifty, "If I am a man of God, let fire come down
from heaven and consume you and your fifty." Then fire came down from
heaven, and consumed him and his fifty.
1 Kings 19:1-2 1Ahab
told Jezebel all that Elijah had done, and how he had killed all the prophets
with the sword. 2 Then
Jezebel sent a messenger to Elijah, saying, "So may the gods do to me,
and more also, if I do not make your life like the life of one of them by
this time tomorrow."
Malachi 4:5 5 Lo, I will send you the prophet Elijah before the great
and terrible day of the LORD comes.
|
Matthew 17: 12 but I tell you that Elijah has already
come, and they did not recognize him, but they did to him whatever they
pleased. So also the Son of Man is about to suffer at their hands."
|
Mark 9: 13 "But I say to you that Elijah
has indeed come, and they did to him whatever they wished, just as it is
written of him."
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Luke 9:52-53 On their way they entered a village of the Samaritans to make ready for him;
53 but they did not receive him, because his face was set
toward Jerusalem.
Luke 9:54 When his
disciples James and John saw it, they said, "Lord, do you want us to command
fire to come down from heaven and consume them?"
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Chosen One
Isaiah 42:1 Here is my
servant, whom I uphold, my chosen, in whom
my soul delights; I have put my spirit upon him; he will bring forth justice
to the nations.
|
Luke 23:35 And the people stood by, watching; but the leaders
scoffed at him, saying, "He saved others; let him save himself if he is
the Messiah of God, his chosen one!"
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The
Suffering Servant of God’s Grave with the Wicked
Isaiah
53:9, 12 They made his grave with the wicked and his tomb with the
rich, although he had done no violence, and there was no deceit in his mouth….12and was numbered with
the transgressors; yet he bore the sin of many, and made intercession for the
transgressors.
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Matthew
27:38 Then two bandits were crucified with him, one on his
right and one on his left.
Matthew
27:57-58 57 When
it was evening, there came a rich man from Arimathea, named Joseph, who was
also a disciple of Jesus. 58
He went to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus; then Pilate ordered it to
be given to him.
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Mark 9:12b How then is it written about the Son of Man, that he is to go through
many sufferings and be treated with contempt?
Mark
15:27-28 27 They crucified two
robbers with Him, one on His right and one on His left.
28 And the Scripture was fulfilled which
says, "And He was numbered with transgressors."
57 When it was evening, there
came a rich man from Arimathea, named Joseph, who himself had also become a
disciple of Jesus.
Mark 15:58
58 This
man went to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. Then Pilate ordered it to
be given to him.
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Luke 23:32-33 32 Two others also, who were
criminals, were being led away to be put to death with Him.
33 When
they came to the place called The Skull, there they crucified Him and the
criminals, one on the right and the other on the left.
Cf. Luke 23:50-52
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John 19:18 There they
crucified him, and with him two others, one on either side, with Jesus
between them.
Cf. Jn. 19:38
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Suffering
Servant
Isaiah
50:6-7
6 I gave my back to those who struck
me, and my cheeks to those who pulled out the beard; I did not hide my face
from insult and spitting. 7
The Lord GOD helps me; therefore I have not been disgraced; therefore I have
set my face like flint, and I know that I shall not be put to shame…
Isaiah
52:14 Just as there were
many who were astonished at him-- so marred was his appearance, beyond human
semblance, and his form beyond that of mortals—
Isaiah 53:4-5, 7 4
Surely he has borne our infirmities and carried our diseases; yet we
accounted him stricken, struck down by God, and afflicted. 5 But he was wounded for our
transgressions, crushed for our iniquities; upon him was the punishment that
made us whole, and by his bruises we are healed. … 7 He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he did not open his mouth; like a lamb
that is led to the slaughter, and like a sheep that before its shearers is
silent, so he did not open his mouth.
[Cf. Psalm
39:1-2 I said,
"I will guard my ways that I may not sin with my tongue; I will keep a
muzzle on my mouth as long as the wicked are in my presence." 2 I was silent and still; I held my peace to no avail; my distress
grew worse,…]
Isaiah 53:10-12
10 Yet it was the will of the LORD to crush him with pain. When you make his life an offering for sin,
he shall see his offspring, and shall prolong his days; through him the will
of the LORD shall prosper. 11
Out of his anguish he shall see light; he shall find satisfaction through his
knowledge. The righteous one, my servant, shall make many righteous, and he
shall bear their iniquities. 12
Therefore I will allot him a portion with the great, and he shall divide the
spoil with the strong; because he poured out himself to death, and was numbered with the transgressors; yet
he bore the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors.
R.
Brown, Death of the Messiah, II, p.
1449:
‘The
theme of Jesus being given over (paradidonai),
which is a favorite in the [Passion Narratives] …, reflects the theme of the
Servant being given up in Isaiah 53.6, 12.’
p.
1449, n.13: ‘paradidomai for giving
over (to enemies or death) also appears in Pss. 27.12; 118.18; 119.121;
140.9. In the second of the three
detailed Synoptic passion predictions …, Mark 9.31 has the Son of Man ‘given
over into the hands of men …; the imagery of ‘the hand of’ (sinners, etc.) is
found in Pss. 71.4; 97.10; 140.5.’
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Cf. Mt. 20.18-19
Matthew 27:26-31 26 So he released Barabbas for
them; and after flogging Jesus, he handed him over to be crucified. 27 Then the soldiers of the
governor took Jesus into the governor's headquarters, and they gathered the
whole cohort around him. 28
They stripped him and put a scarlet robe on him, 29 and after twisting some
thorns into a crown, they put it on his head. They put a reed in his right
hand and knelt before him and mocked him, saying, "Hail, King of the
Jews!" 30 They spat on
him, and took the reed and struck him on the head. 31 After mocking him, they
stripped him of the robe and put his own clothes on him. Then they led him
away to crucify him.
Matthew 8:17 This was to fulfill
what had been spoken through the prophet Isaiah, "He took our
infirmities and bore our diseases."
Matthew 20:28 just as the Son of Man
came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life a ransom for
many."
Matthew 26:28 for this is my blood
of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.
Matthew 27:38 Then two bandits were
crucified with him, one on his right and one on his left.
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Mark 10:33-34 "See, we
are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man will be handed over to the
chief priests and the scribes, and they will condemn him to death; then they
will hand him over to the Gentiles; 34
they will mock him, and spit upon him, and flog him, and kill him; and after
three days he will rise again."
Mark
14:65 Some began to spit on him, to blindfold him, and to
strike him, saying to him, "Prophesy!" The guards also took him
over and beat him.
Mark 15:15-19
15 So Pilate, wishing to satisfy the crowd, released
Barabbas for them; and after flogging Jesus, he handed him over to be
crucified. 16 Then the
soldiers led him into the courtyard of the palace (that is, the governor's
headquarters); and they called together the whole cohort. 17 And they clothed him in a
purple cloak; and after twisting some thorns into a crown, they put it on
him. 18 And they began
saluting him, "Hail, King of the Jews!" 19 They struck his head with a
reed, spat upon him, and knelt down in homage to him.
Mark 10:45 For the Son of Man
came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life a ransom for
many."
Mark 15:27 And with him they
crucified two bandits, one on his right and one on his left.
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Luke
18.32-33
32 "For He will be handed over to the Gentiles, and
will be mocked and mistreated and spit upon,
33 and
after they have scourged Him, they will kill Him; and the third day He will
rise again."
Luke 22:37 For I tell you, this
scripture must be fulfilled in me, 'And he was counted among the lawless';
and indeed what is written about me is being fulfilled."
Luke 22:63-64
63 Now the men who were holding Jesus began to mock him and
beat him; 64 they also
blindfolded him and kept asking him, "Prophesy! Who is it that struck
you?"
Luke 23:9 He
questioned him at some length, but Jesus gave him no answer.
Acts 3:14-15 14
But you rejected the Holy and Righteous One and asked to have a murderer
given to you, 15 and you
killed the Author of life, whom God raised from the dead. To this we are
witnesses.
Acts 8:32-33 32
Now the passage of the scripture that he [the Ethiopian eunuch] was reading
was this: "Like a sheep he was led to the slaughter, and like a lamb
silent before its shearer, so he does not open his mouth. 33 In his humiliation justice
was denied him. Who can describe his generation? For his life is taken away
from the earth."
Acts 10:43 All the prophets testify about him that everyone
who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins through his name."
Luke 23:11 Even Herod
with his soldiers treated him with contempt and mocked him; then he put an
elegant robe on him, and sent him back to Pilate.
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John 19:1-3
1 Pilate then took Jesus and scourged Him. 2 And
the soldiers twisted together a crown of thorns and put it on His head, and
put a purple robe on Him; 3 and they began to come up to Him and say, "Hail, King of the
Jews!" and to give Him slaps in
the face.
John
19:9 He entered his headquarters again and asked Jesus,
"Where are you from?" But Jesus
gave him no answer.
[John 18:22-23
22 When he had said this, one of the police standing nearby struck
Jesus on the face, saying, "Is that how you answer the high
priest?" 23 Jesus answered,
"If I have spoken wrongly, testify to the wrong. But if I have spoken
rightly, why do you strike me?"]
John
19:18 There they crucified him, and with him two others,
one on either side, with Jesus between them.
John
19:16 So he delivered
(pare,dwken) him over to them to be crucified. So they took Jesus,
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Judas’ Silver and Field, Betrayal, Replacement
Zechariah 11:12-13
12 I then said to them, "If it seems right to you,
give me my wages; but if not, keep them." So they weighed out as my
wages thirty shekels of silver. 13
Then the LORD said to me, "Throw it into the treasury"-- this
lordly price at which I was valued by them. So I took the thirty shekels of
silver and threw them into the treasury in the house of the LORD.
[Jeremiah 19 is a word of
judgement, 32 a word of hope]
Jeremiah
19:1-2 Thus said the LORD: Go and buy a potter's
earthenware jug. Take with you some of the elders of the people and some of
the senior priests, 2 and
go out to the valley of the son of Hinnom at the entry of the Potsherd Gate,
and proclaim there the words that I tell you.
Jeremiah
32:9 And I bought the field at Anathoth from my cousin
Hanamel, and weighed out the money to him, seventeen shekels of silver.
Deuteronomy
27:25 "Cursed be
anyone who takes a bribe to shed innocent blood." All the people shall
say, "Amen!"
Psalm
41:9 Even my bosom friend in whom I trusted, who ate of my
bread, has lifted the heel against me.
Psalm
55:12-14 12 It is not enemies who taunt
me-- I could bear that; it is not adversaries who deal insolently with me-- I
could hide from them. 13
But it is you, my equal, my companion, my familiar friend, 14 with whom I kept pleasant
company; we walked in the house of God with the throng.
Acts 1:20
combines:
Psalm
69:25 May their camp
be a desolation; let no one live in their tents.
Psalm 109:8 May his days be few; may another seize his position.
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Matthew 27:3-10
3 When Judas, his betrayer, saw that Jesus was condemned,
he repented and brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests
and the elders. 4 He said,
"I have sinned by betraying innocent blood." But they said,
"What is that to us? See to it yourself." 5 Throwing down the pieces of
silver in the temple, he departed; and he went and hanged himself. 6 But the chief priests, taking
the pieces of silver, said, "It is not lawful to put them into the
treasury, since they are blood money."
7 After conferring together, they used them to buy the
potter's field as a place to bury foreigners.
8 For this reason that field has been called the Field of
Blood to this day. 9 Then
was fulfilled what had been spoken through the prophet Jeremiah, "And
they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of the one on whom a price
had been set, on whom some of the people of Israel had set a price, 10 and they gave them for the potter's
field, as the Lord commanded me."
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Acts
1:16-20 16 "Friends, the scripture
had to be fulfilled, which the Holy Spirit through David foretold concerning
Judas, who became a guide for those who arrested Jesus-- 17 for he was numbered among us
and was allotted his share in this ministry." 18 (Now this man acquired a
field with the reward of his wickedness; and falling headlong, he burst open
in the middle and all his bowels gushed out.
19 This became known to all the residents of Jerusalem, so
that the field was called in their language Hakeldama, that is, Field of
Blood.) 20 "For it is
written in the book of Psalms, 'Let his homestead become desolate, and let
there be no one to live in it'; and 'Let another take his position of
overseer.'
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The
Blind and the Lame (Healing, Humility, Redemption)
Jeremiah
31:8 See, I am going
to bring them from the land of the north, and gather them from the farthest
parts of the earth, among them the blind and the lame, those with child and
those in labor, together; a great company, they shall return here.
Micah
4:6-7 In that day,
says the LORD, I will assemble the lame and gather those who have been driven
away, and those whom I have afflicted.
7 The lame I will make the remnant, and those who were cast
off, a strong nation; and the LORD will reign over them in Mount Zion now and
forevermore.
Zephaniah
3:19 I will deal
with all your oppressors at that time. And I will save the lame and gather
the outcast, and I will change their shame into praise and renown in all the
earth.
Exlusion from temple service: Leviticus 21:18 For no one who has a blemish shall draw
near, one who is blind or lame, or one who has a mutilated face or a limb too
long,
Cf.
inclusion of foreigners and eunuchs in Isaiah 56 (which Jesus quotes, v. 7, in Mt. 21.13; Mk. 11.17; Lk.
19.46)
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Matthew
21:14 The blind and
the lame came to him in the temple, and he cured them.
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Jeremiah
31:31 The days are
surely coming, says the LORD, when I will make a new covenant with the house
of Israel and the house of Judah.
Isaiah
53:12 … yet he bore the sin of many,…
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Matthew
26:28 for this is my
blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of
sins.
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Mark
14:24 He said to them, "This is my blood of the covenant,
which is poured out for many.
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Luke
22:20 And he did the same with the cup after supper, saying,
"This cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood.
1
Corinthians 11:25 In the same way he
took the cup also, after supper, saying, "This cup is the new covenant
in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me."
2 Corinthians 3:6 who has made us competent to
be ministers of a new covenant, not of letter but of spirit; for the letter
kills, but the Spirit gives life.
Hebrews
8:8-13 Hebrews
8:8 God finds fault
with them when he says: "The days are surely coming, says the Lord, when
I will establish a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house
of Judah; etc.
Also Heb.
9:15; 12:24
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Lamentations 3:26-30
26 It is good that one should wait quietly for the
salvation of the LORD. 27
It is good for one to bear the yoke in youth,
28 to sit alone in silence when the Lord has imposed
it, 29 to put one's mouth
to the dust (there may yet be hope), 30
to give one's cheek to the smiter, and be filled with insults.
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Luke 22:63-65 63 Now the men who were holding
Jesus began to mock him and beat him; 64
they also blindfolded him and kept asking him, "Prophesy! Who is it that
struck you?" 65 They
kept heaping many other insults on him.
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Ezekiel 37:9, 12-14 Then he said to me, "Prophesy to the
breath, prophesy, mortal, and say to the breath: Thus says the Lord GOD: Come
from the four winds, O breath, and breathe upon these slain, that they may
live." … 12 Therefore
prophesy, and say to them, Thus says the Lord GOD: I am going to open your
graves, and bring you up from your graves, O my people; and I will bring you
back to the land of Israel. 13
And you shall know that I am the LORD, when I open your graves, and bring you
up from your graves, O my people. 14
I will put my spirit within you, and you shall live, and I will place you on
your own soil; then you shall know that I, the LORD, have spoken and will
act, says the LORD."
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Matthew
27:51-54 51 At that moment
the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom. The earth
shook, and the rocks were split. 52
The tombs also were opened, and many bodies of the saints who had fallen
asleep were raised. 53
After his resurrection they came out of the tombs and entered the holy city
and appeared to many. 54
Now when the centurion and those with him, who were keeping watch over Jesus,
saw the earthquake and what took place, they were terrified and said,
"Truly this man was God's Son!"
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John
20:22 When he had
said this, he breathed on them and said to them, "Receive the Holy
Spirit.
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Amos
8:9, 10b
9 On that day, says the Lord GOD, I will make the sun go
down at noon, and darken the earth in broad daylight….10b I will
make it like the mourning for an only son, and the end of it like a bitter
day.
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Matthew
27:455 From noon on, darkness came over the whole land until three
in the afternoon.
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Mark 15:33
When it was noon, darkness came over the whole land until three in the
afternoon.
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Hosea 10:8 The high
places of Aven, the sin of Israel, shall be destroyed. Thorn and thistle
shall grow up on their altars. They shall say to the mountains, Cover us, and
to the hills, Fall on us.
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Luke 23:30 Then they will begin to say to the
mountains, 'Fall on us'; and to the hills, 'Cover us.'
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Zechariah
9:11 As for you also, because of the blood of my
covenant with you, I will set your prisoners free from the waterless pit.
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Matthew
26:27-28 27 Then he took a
cup, and after giving thanks he gave it to them, saying, "Drink from it,
all of you; 28 for this is
my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of
sins.
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Mark
14:24 He said to them, "This is
my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many.
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Luke
22:20 20 And he did the
same with the cup after supper, saying, "This cup that is poured out for
you is the new covenant in my blood.
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Zechariah
13:7 "Awake,
O sword, against my shepherd, against the man who is my associate," says
the LORD of hosts. Strike the shepherd, that the sheep may be scattered; I
will turn my hand against the little ones.
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Matthew
26:31 Then Jesus said to them, "You will all become deserters because of
me this night; for it is written, 'I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep
of the flock will be scattered.'
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Mark
14:27 And Jesus said to them,
"You will all become deserters; for it is written, 'I will strike the
shepherd, and the sheep will be scattered.'
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Zechariah
6:11 Take the silver and gold and make a crown, and set it
on the head of the high priest Joshua son of Jehozadak; 12 say to
him: Thus says the LORD of hosts: Here is a man whose name is Branch: for he
shall branch out in his place, and he shall build the temple of the LORD.
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Matthew 27:28 They stripped Him and put a scarlet robe on Him. 29
And after twisting together a crown of thorns, they put it on His head, and a
reed in His right hand; and they knelt down before Him and mocked Him,
saying, "Hail, King of the Jews!"
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Mark 15:17 They dressed Him up in purple, and
after twisting a crown of thorns, they put it on Him; 18 and they
began to acclaim Him, "Hail, King of the Jews!"
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John 19:5 So Jesus came out, wearing the crown of thorns
and the purple robe. Pilate said to them, "Here is the man!"
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Zechariah 12:10
And I will pour out a spirit of compassion and supplication on the
house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, so that, when they look on
the one whom they have pierced, they shall mourn for him, as one mourns for
an only child, and weep bitterly over him, as one weeps over a firstborn.
[Cf. Ps. 22.16]
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Luke
24:39-40 39 Look at my
hands and my feet; see that it is I myself. Touch me and see; for a ghost
does not have flesh and bones as you see that I have." 40 And when he had said this, he
showed them his hands and his feet.
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John 19:37 And again another passage of scripture
says, "They will look on [eivj] the one whom they
have pierced."
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Parallels
Between Jesus in Gethsemane (Matthew)
and
David’s Flight from Absalom (2 Samuel)
Jesus says to his disciples in the garden of
Gethsemane, ‘Get up, let us be going.
See, my betrayer is at hand’ (Mt. 26.46).
Unlike David, he actually goes to meet his betrayer.
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David says to all his officials who were with him
in Jerusalem, ‘Get up! Let us flee, or
there will be no escape for us from Absalom.
Hurry, or he will soon overtake us…’ (2 Sam. 15.14)
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Jesus leaves Jerusalem for Gethsemane on the Mt.
of Olives (Mt. 26)
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David leaves Jerusalem, goes to the Mt. of
Olives, and continues beyond there (2 Sam. 15.30)
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Jesus’ the Messianic King is under threat
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David’s Kingdom is under threat
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Judas has betrayed Jesus (26.25)
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Absalom has betrayed David (16.11); David is told
that Ahithophel is one of the conspirators (15.31)
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Jesus is deeply grieved, even to death (Mt.
26.38)
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David weeps (15.30)
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Jesus takes the disciples who are with him along,
asking them to ‘remain here with me’ (26.38)
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David takes all the people who are with him
along, and they weep with him (15.30)
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Peter swears he will not desert Jesus (26.33)
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Ittai swears he will not leave David (15.21)
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Jesus puts himself in God’s hands. He prays, "My Father, if it is possible, let this cup pass
from me; yet not what I want but what you want" (26.39).
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David puts himself in God’s hands: ‘But if he [God] says, 'I take no pleasure in you,'
here I am, let him do to me what seems good to him" (15.26)
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Judas goes with ‘a large crowd with swords and
clubs’ to take Jesus (Mt. 26.47). Or:
Judas goes with a cohort (Jn. 18.3)
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Ahithophel asks Absalom to allow him to take
12,000 men to go strike down only one man (David) (17.1-2)
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Jesus separates himself from the disciples,
taking only Peter and the two sons of Zebedee (Mt. 26.37). He separates himself a little from them too
(26.39).
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Hushai counsels that David, an expert in war,
will not spend the night among the troops so that he could be attacked (17.8)
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Judas, whose advice was followed so that Jesus
was arrested and condemned, repents and hangs himself (Mt. 27.5)
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Ahithophel, who counseled Absalom differently
from Hushai and was not heeded, went home, set his house in order, and hanged
himself (17.23). Also, Absalom hangs
from a tree when his hair gets caught in it, and Joab kills him (18.9, 14)
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One with Jesus drew his sword and took off the
ear of the slave of the high priest, but Jesus stops the violence (26.51-53)
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Abishai wants to take off Shimei’s head for his
cursing and throwing stones at David, but David stops him (16.9-12)
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[1] The texts quoted
here do not link the exaltation of Jesus to the Old Testament, but Jesus’ exaltation
after his resurrection to heavenly rule, too, was seen in terms of the Old
Testament. Passages referring to Jesus’
coming on the clouds with heavenly authority, as the one like a son of man in
Dn. 7, relate to Jesus’ heavenly rule as Lord, his exaltation to heaven, and/or
his second coming (Acts 1.9-11; Mk. 14.62//Mt. 26.64//Lk. 22.69). Ps. 110.1, referring to Jesus’ exaltation to
God’s right hand over the nations and to his divine rule was understood in
reference to Jesus’ exaltation (Mk. 12.36//Mt. 22.44//Lk. 20.42; Acts 2.33-34; 7.55-56;
Rom. 8.34; Ephesians 1.20-23; Col. 3.1; Heb. 1.3; 8.1; 10.12-13; 12.2; 1 Pt.
3.21-22; cf. Rev. 5).
[2] Interpreters might also give attention to some
apocryphal writings from second Temple Judaism that were known to the early
Church. Wisdom 2.7-20 is an intriguing
text to consider, e.g., Wisdom 2:7-20 (NRSV): 7 Let us take our fill of
costly wine and perfumes, and let no flower of spring pass us by. 8 Let us crown ourselves with
rosebuds before they wither. 9
Let none of us fail to share in our revelry; everywhere let us leave signs of
enjoyment, because this is our portion, and this our lot. 10 Let us oppress the righteous
poor man; let us not spare the widow or regard the gray hairs of the aged. 11 But let our might be our law of
right, for what is weak proves itself to be useless. 12 "Let us lie in wait for
the righteous man, because he is inconvenient to us and opposes our actions; he
reproaches us for sins against the law, and accuses us of sins against our
training. 13 He professes to
have knowledge of God, and calls himself a child of the Lord. 14 He became to us a reproof of
our thoughts; 15 the very
sight of him is a burden to us, because his manner of life is unlike that of
others, and his ways are strange. 16
We are considered by him as something base, and he avoids our ways as unclean;
he calls the last end of the righteous happy, and boasts that God is his
father. 17 Let us see if his
words are true, and let us test what will happen at the end of his life; 18 for if the righteous man is
God's child, he will help him, and will deliver him from the hand of his
adversaries. 19 Let us test
him with insult and torture, so that we may find out how gentle he is, and make
trial of his forbearance. 20
Let us condemn him to a shameful death, for, according to what he says, he will
be protected."
[3] The following work
reflects independent research, helped to some degree by insights from R.
Brown’s The Death of the Messiah,
Vols. 1-2 (New York: Doubleday, 1994).
See bibliography in Brown, pp. 1465-1467.
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