Ten Conundrums in the Hebrew Scriptures That Are Resolved in the New Testament

Several conundrums in the Hebrew Scriptures are resolved in the New Testament.  They are such that they require solutions that are not offered in the Hebrew Scriptures but that are offered in the New Testament.  Ten of these will be noted here.

First, the Hebrew Scriptures present God as one and yet as relational.  His relational character is not an acquired part of His identity after the creation, for His goodness and loving-kindness are part of His very essence.  This is resolved in the New Testament with the understanding that God the Father and God the Son both partake of the Divine Identity and with the understanding that God is Father, Son, and Spirit.  As the Church would come to articulate this in the doctrine of the Trinity, God is One and exists eternally in three persons.

Second, the Hebrew Scriptures present God as Spirit and yet as present in the Temple.  This understanding of God as both omnipresent and incarnational is resolved in the New Testament with the understanding that God is incarnate in Jesus.

Third, the Hebrew Scriptures present God as holy and yet making a covenant with a sinful people.  This is resolved in the New Testament with the understanding that Jesus Christ, who knew no sin, became sin for us so that we might become the righteousness of God (2 Corinthians 5.21).

Fourth, the Hebrew Scriptures present God’s Law as command and as grace (for what is the giving of the Law in Exodus 34 if it is not given by God’s grace?).  The conundrum of Law and grace is resolved in the New Testament by understanding that salvation is by grace through faith and not of ourselves; it is the gift of God, lest any person should boast, and that we are God’s workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works (Ephesians 2.8-10).

Fifth, the Hebrew Scriptures warn of God’s punishment for sin and yet God offers redemption from sin.  Justice is not denied in favour of love (mercy, grace, forgiveness), but both are held together.  The Hebrew Scriptures resolve this through sacrifices for sin, but not in a final overcoming of sin.  The New Testament resolves this in the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, offered once for all, that sinners might be forgiven.

Sixth, the Hebrew Scriptures understand human beings as fallen and sinful and yet offer the hope of a new covenant (Isaiah 59.20-21; Jeremiah 31.31-34; Ezekiel 36.24-27) in which God would bring about transformation such that sinners would not only be forgiven but transformed and abide by God’s Law.  The New Testament resolves this in teaching that Jesus Christ, by His death on the cross, made this possible.  Through his shed blood, sinners are cleansed, sanctified, and made righteous (1 Corinthians 5.11).  Moreover, he sends us the Spirit from God the Father.  The Holy Spirit is God’s empowering presence, and God is at work within us to will and to do His good pleasure (Philippians 2.13).

Seventh, the Hebrew Scriptures appear to offer too much with Davidic kingship.  The promised eternal dynasty comes to an end with the exile of the southern kingdom to Babylon in 586 BC, and texts that celebrate Davidic kingship do so with language that overextends the reality of any human rule (e.g., Isaiah 9; Psalms 2, 110).  This is resolved in Jesus Messiah (Christ), born of the seed of David (Romans 1.3) and yet Lord over all things (Romans 1.4; Ephesians 1.20-22).

Eighth, the Hebrew Scriptures focus on God’s particular, covenantal relationship with Israel, and yet they repeatedly understand God to rule universally and to be about a work that will include the nations.  This narrative of Israel and the nations is resolved in the New Testament, where God’s people are drawn from every tongue, tribe, nation, and people.  The restoration of Israel as God's righteous and chosen people includes the Gentiles; neither is excluded, and that not because of attaining their own righteousness but because God has shown mercy to both through Jesus Christ.

Ninth, the Hebrew Scriptures narrate the history of Israel while holding out hope of an age to come when there will be no more suffering and sin, the dead will be raised, and righteousness will reign over all the earth.  This is partly resolved in the New Testament, for Jesus suffered on the cross to conquer sin and death, was raised on the third day, and ascended to the right hand of God the Father, from whence He reigns in righteousness and from which He will come again to judge the whole earth.  The New Testament understands this age to come as having begun already, as an overlapping of the present age and the age to come between Jesus’ first and second coming.  We look for Jesus' second coming, when this hope will be fully realized; but we are assured of its coming because it has already begun through Jesus.

Tenth, the Hebrew Scriptures understand God’s own mission to be to show forth His glory upon the whole earth, and yet God’s own people failed to bear and hallow His name and brought Him shame among the nations because of their sin.  The New Testament understands God to show forth His glory through Jesus Christ and those who are in Christ.  God declares His glory foremost in demonstrating His grace—His steadfast love and forgiveness—in Jesus’ death for sinners on the cross; and the world knows God’s glory in the Church’s witness of the Gospel of Jesus Christ to the ends of the earth.

As a scholar of the Hebrew Scriptures once said, the Hebrew Scriptures read as a book of ever-increasing promise.  The promise derives from the tensions of unresolved conundrums such as those noted above.  Without the New Testament, these would be unfulfilled promises.  In Christ Jesus, these conundrums are not only resolved but constitute the ‘good news’ of the Gospel.